Nonetheless, the authors maintain that the Byzantine economy remained ?articulated? For example, emperor Theophilos (r. 829-842 CE) famously burned an entire ship and its cargo when he found out that his wife Theodora had been dabbling in commerce and ha… The loss of areas that had provided much of the raw materials of the empire caused severe contraction of manufacturing and a diminution of the money supply. The authors conclude that Byzantine merchants played a decreasing role in this trade. The climate was opportune for farming.
Key in this revival was the state, its fiscal policies, and a complex economic ideology based on ideas of justice in interchange and possession of property. They conclude that Byzantium had a ?flexible and dynamic economy, which was successful in terms of growth but also provided some important needs of the people … that is, all the factors which today are recognized as constituting true economic development? Even in marginal regions rural settlements flourished.From the 7th to the 12th century, the social organization of production was arranged round two poles: estate and village (a collection of free smallholders). There was in principle a clear distinction between tenants who lived on the estates (and owed dues to the master of the place), and the village inhabitants, many of whom owned land, and consequently paid taxes to the state. The economic reforms of Emperor Anastasius greatly helped both the Byzantine economy and the fiscal situation of the Empire: he reformed imperial … The latter part of the eighth century witnessed significant changes in the military power of the state and the beginning of a slow growth of the Byzantine economy and its gradual monetarization as well as the revival of urban life. In a concluding chapter the authors make general observations about the Byzantine economy and discuss the value of comparing it specifically with the economy of the medieval West. Trade in slaves is attested, both on behalf of the state, and, possibly, by private individuals. By the eleventh century Byzantium reached its economic height and by the twelfth century Byzantine cities had developed some of the characteristics that could be seen in the contemporary West. The reasons for this are many, including the continued bias against Byzantium even in historical circles and the perception that the economy of the empire was dominated by the heavy hand of an autocratic state and that its study has little to teach us.
The labor shortage led to political and economic fragmentation, and a complete reorganization of the economic underpinning of the state.
In 1261, the Genoese were given generous customs privileges, and six years later the Venetians regained their original quarter in Constantinople. Constanti… This small and quite readable book is likely to change all such scholarly assumptions. Ceramics, linen, and woven cloth were also items of trade. Key concepts: the Byzantine Empire Our mission is to provide a free, world-class education to anyone, anywhere. Nonetheless, the meager sources suggest that, even in this period, trade continued and the economy was much more fully developed than has previously been thought. They conclude that contemporary research shows the Byzantine economy, in virtually all periods, to have been sophisticated and flexible, able to respond to challenges and to change in the face of historical conditions. After The other commodities that were traded, in Constantinople and elsewhere, were numerous: oil, wine, salt, fish, meat, vegetables, other alimentary products, timber and wax. As the authors point out, until recently the economy of the Byzantine Empire has not been the subject of many detailed studies. Later, silk worms were smuggled into the empire and the overland silk trade became less important. The attitude to trade and commerce in the Byzantine Empire had changed very little since antiquity and the days of ancient Greece and Rome: the activity was not regarded highly and considered a little undignified for the general landed aristocrat to pursue. Some of them were slaves and some were wage laborers; references to wage laborers occur continuously from the 7th century to the end of the Byzantine period.The population was dense in the 6th century, but it diminished in the 7th and 8th centuries. Raw silk was bought from China and made up into fine brocades and cloth-of-gold that commanded high prices through the world. Nevertheless, not all the cultivators on the estate lived there, and not all enjoyed a special status. Reviewed for EH.NET by Timothy E. Gregory, Department of History, Ohio State University.
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